IPA BIOLOGI ENGLISH

The material's National Science-Biology Exam 2009 was prepared with reference to the Competency Standards Graduates and ability in the test contained in Annex Pendiakan Minister of National Regulations Thaun 2008 dated December 5, 2008.

GRADUATES COMPETENCE STANDARD 7:

EXPLAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND DIVERSITY OF LIVING, ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS AND INTERACTION BETWEEN LIVING ENVIRONMENT preformance, THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PRESERVATION OF LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT

I. The ability tested 1: Describing the characteristics of living things

Summary :

Characteristics of Living Things

Traits in living things include: 
1. Moving 
2. Spot 
3. Breathing 
4. Irritability (sensitive to stimulation) 
5. Grow and develop 
6. Excrete the rest of the 
7. Breeding 
8. Need a certain temperature

II Ability tested 2: Identify the characteristics in the classification of living things.

Summary :

Plant diversity

Objective classification of living things is to make it easier to know and learn about living things.

Basic classification of living things is the similarities and differences in characteristics.

Classification levels in plants are: kingdom, divitio (division), classis (class), order (nation), familia (tribe), genus (genus), species (type)

Classification levels in animals are: kingdom, phylum (phyla), classis (class), order (nation), familia (tribe), genus (genus), species (type)

Example scientific name: Musa paradisiaca, Musa is the genus / genera, paradisiaca is a pointer type.

Plants are divided into four divisions, namely: 
1. Talofita (Thallophyta): algae (algae) and fungi (Fungi) 
2. Moss (Bryophyta): liverworts (Hepaticae), true mosses (musci) 
3. Ferns (Pterydophyta): nail hair (Lycopodinase), horsetail (Equisetinae), true nail (Filicinae) 
4. Plant seeds (Sphermatophyta): gymnosperms and Angiospermae)

Based on the color, ganggnag divided into four, namely: 
1. Green algae (Chloropyceae): Chlamydomanas & Spirogyra 
2. Brown algae (Phaeophyceae): Sargasum, Fucus, Laminaria 
3. Red algae (Rhodophyceae): Euchema gracialis 
4. Algae blonde (Chrysophyceae): Synendra

Based on the shape hifanya, mushrooms can be divided into two classes, namely: 
1. Mushrooms algae (Phycomycetes) à hyphae not insulated 
Example: Rhyzopus (mushroom tempe) 
2. True Fungi (Eumycetes) à hyphae sectional

Divided into three, namely: 
1. Askomisetes, for example, Penicillium sp (producer of penicillin), Sacharomyces sp (mushroom tape) 
2. Basidiomisetes, eg ear fungus, mushroom, wood mushrooms 
3. Deuteromisetes, for example fungi oncom (Neurospora)

Note the cycle of moss below:

Note the cycle spikes below:

The characteristics of seed plants, which have roots, stems, leaves, and flowers

Seed plants are grouped into two, namely: 
1. Gimnospermae (open) ex: melinjo & cycads 
2. Angiosperms (closed) ex: mango, rambutan

Angiosperms are grouped into two, namely: 
1. Dikotil (dashed two) 
2. Monocots (dashed one)

Feature monocots, namely (1) the veins are generally parallel / curved (2) stems not berkambium (3) root fibers (4) parts of the flower multiples of three.

Monocot grouped into five parts, ie: 
1. Rumut-grass (Graminae) ex: corn, rice 
2. Pinang-proposal (Palmae), ex: coconut, sago 
3. Banana-pisangan (musaceae), ex: bananas, king 
4. Orchid-angrekan (Orchidaceae), ex: orchids, vanilla 
5. Gingers (Zingiberaceae), ex: ginger, turmeric

Dikotil characteristics, namely (1) bone pinnate leaves / menjari (2) berkambium and branched stems (3) taproot (4) parts of the flower multiples of 2.4, or 5.

Dikelaompokan dicotyledonous plants into five parts, ie: 
1. Distance-jailed (Euphorbiaceae), ex: distance, cassava, rubber 
2. Legumes (Leguminoceae), ex: bananas, peanuts 
3. Eggplants (Solanaceae), ex: eggplant, peppers, tomatoes 
4. Syzygium (Myrtaceae), ex: guava, guava 
5. Composite (Compositae), ex: sunflower

Animal diversity

The animal world is divided into two, namely: 
1. Invertebrate (spineless) 
2. Vertebrates (vertebrate)

Groups of invertebrates, ie: 
1. Protozoa (single-celled animals, ex: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena 
2. Sponge (Animal porous), ex: Sycons sp, sp Euspongia 
3. Coelenterata (animal gut cavity), ex: Sea anemones, Bahar, Coral stone 
4. Platyhelminthes ( flatworms), ex: Taenia sp (tapeworms), Planaria sp (flatworms) 
5. Nemathelminthes (worm gilik), ex: Ascaris sp (roundworm), Oxyuris sp (pinworms) 
6. Anelida (worm jointed ), ex: Pheretima sp (earthworm), Hirudo medicinalis (leech) 
7. Echinodermata (skinned animal spines), ex: starfish, sea urchins 
8. Mollusk (soft animals), ex: octopus sp (octopus), Loligo sp (cuttlefish), Sepia sp (squid), Chlamis sp (oysters), Corbicula sp (mussels), Lima scraba (scallops) 
9. Arthropoda (jointed-legged animals / segmented)

Consists of: a. Insecta (insects), ex: crickets, grasshoppers 
b. Crustacesa (crustaceans), ex: crab 
c. Arachnids (spiders), kalajenging, spider 
d. Myriapoda (centipedes), ex: centipedes, millipedes

Vertebrates are grouped into 5, ie: 
1. Pisces (fish), ex: carp, catfish 
2. Amphibians (2 live animal nature), ex: frogs, salamanders 
3. Aves (birds), ex: turtledove, cocak rowo 
4. Reptiles (melata), ex: lizards, crocodiles 
5. Mammals (breastfeeding), ex: cattle, buffalo

III. The ability of the tested 3: Explaining the interaction antarmakhluk live in the ecosystem.

Summary Material: 
Ecosystem

An ecosystem is a reciprocal relationship between the living and the environment.

Ecology is the study of the interrelationships and interdependencies between the living and the environment.

A short definition -> Ecology is the study of ecosystems.

The main energy source in an ecosystem is sunlight.

Biosphere is a layer of the earth's surface and its atmosphere inhabited by living things.

There are several units of living organisms in the ecosystem, namely: 
1. individual, that is the smallest unit of living things 
2. population, which is a collection of individuals who hold a kind of interaction in a certain area 
3. community, a collection of living beings who hold interaction between populations. 
4. Ecosystem

Ecosystem No 2: 
a. Natural ecosystems: lakes, sea, rivers, etc. 
b. Artificial ecosystems: ponds, aquariums, fields, etc.

Biosphere is a layer of Earth's surface and atmosphere inhabited by all living things.

Habitat is a place of life of a living creature

Nisia is the role of living organisms in their habitat.

With the Phoenician can avoid the occurrence of competition between species

There are two components of the ecosystem, ie 
1. biotic component, which includes (1) producen, as a producer of organic material, (2) the consumer level I, consumen consuming producen (3) consumen level II, konsemen consuming consumen level I, (4) consumen peak, consumen last level, and (5) decomposers, decompose organic matter into inorganic 
2. abiotic components, which include CO2, H2O, O2, soil, temperature, humidity, sunlight, and space.

The food chain is an event-consuming and eaten in a certain order. 
Example: 
Caterpillars -> birds prenjak -> eagle -> bacterium 
Plants eaten by caterpillars, caterpillars eat prenjak birds, bird prenjak in eating eagle. 
Remarks: 
1. Plants act as manufacturer 
2. Caterpillars act as a consumer level I 
3. Bird prenjak act as a consumer level II 
4. Birds act as a consumer Rajawali III level -> customer peak 
5. The bacteria act as decomposer / decomposers

Food web is a collection of some of the food chain are interconnected. 
Note the food web below:

Food pyramid is a pyramid which illustrates the arrangement of the transfer of energy flow from the producer to the highest consumer in the ecosystem.

Note the food pyramid below:

Ecosystems will be balanced if the composition of the constituent ecosystems balanced.

Based on the capability of preparing organic materials, organisms ecosystem composers No 2, namely 
1. autotrof, namely living creatures that can develop into an organic inorganic substances through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, for example, all the green plants 
2. heterotrophic, ie living beings tidakdapat preparing inorganic substances into organic so as to get their food by eating organismo others, including herbivores (camping, beef), carnivores (eagle, lion), omnivores (humans, monkeys), scavenger (vultures) and detritivor (termites, worms)

IV. The ability of the tested 4: Explaining the human efforts to tackle pollution and environmental damage.

Summary :

Environmental pollution

Environmental pollution can be divided into four, namely soil, noise, water, and air. 
1. Pollution of soil, namely the entry of pollutants in the form of a liquid or solid material that goes into the ground. 
2. Noise pollution, can be overcome by making the soundproof walls, planting around the house, do not make noise 
3. Water pollution, namely the entry of pollutants in the form of a liquid or solid material that goes into the water. 
4. Air pollution, the presence of pollutants in the air

The impact of water pollution is 
one. extinction of aquatic organisms 
2. contaminated fish can poison people who eat them

Water pollution prevention methods, including: 
1. do not dispose of liquid waste into the river 
2. do not throw garbage in any place 
3. do not throw away the rest of the drug into the river.

Air pollution can be caused by:

1. Gas combustion products, increasing carbon dioxide in the air can cause the greenhouse effect, which then can lead to global warming. Increased sulfur dioxide (SO2) can lead to acid rain, because tersbut gas reacts with water to form sulfuric acid or acid rain (H2SO4)

2. Gas CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) gas is widely used for gas developers foam, air conditioners and refrigerators. CFC can react with ozone, so that ozone can decrease / perforated.

V. Ability tested 5: Identify the human efforts to preserve living things.

Summary :

Biodiversity Protection

Protection of biodiversity can be done by: 
1. Nature Reserves, namely the protection of nature by letting the ecosystem in a region it is aimed at protecting the hallmark of plants, animals and natural ecosystems. Examples Pangandaran nature reserve. 
2. National Parks, aims to protect flora, fauna and the ecosystem for the development of science, education, culture and outdoor recreation. For example, national parks Bogor, Sukabumi national parks and national park mountain chain 
3. Forest Tourism, yi production forests as well as to attractions. 
4. Marine Park, an area of ocean that has a high marine diversity, unique and beautiful.Examples Bunaken marine park in North Sulawesi. 
5. Protected Forest, function as water catchment areas. 
6. Botanical Garden, which is a useful artificial garden to collect herbs from various places to be preserved. Contonhya Bogor botanical garden.

Based on its maintenance where there are 2 maintenance, ie 
1. Maintenance in situ, ie maintenance of animals and plants in their natural habitat. For example, to keep the fish in a lake. 
2. Maintenance ex situ, that rearing animals or plants outside their natural habitat, but his condition with attempted natural habitat. Examples Bali starling succeed in the new tangkar then released in their natural habitat.

We can help preserve the diversity of living things by means of: 
1. Do not kill animals and wild plants 
2. Do not litter

Efforts to preserve wildlife populations that tyerus decreased as the yellow-crested cockatoo and the hornbill is to improve their natural habitat. Alternatively, you can also do the orang utan rehabilitation program, so that the orangutans are not dwindling.

GRADUATES COMPETENCE STANDARD 8:

LINKING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION NETWORK / ORGAN IN PLANTS AND HUMAN

I. The ability tested 1: Determine what type of bone / joint / muscle in the human locomotor and their functions.

Summary :

Motion System in Humans

Motion system consisting of skeletal and muscle.

Bone is a passive means of motion, because the bones can not move without the help of muscles.

Based on the type, the bone is divided into two, namely the hard bone and cartilage.

There are three types of cartilage, ie: 
1. Hyaline, ex: the tracheal wall, the joints between the ribs and tl tl. chest 
2. Elastic, ex: mp nose & ear 
3. Fibers, ex: between the ribs spine

Adl ossification process of cartilage into bone hard.

Based on the shape there are four bones, namely: 
1. Pipes / length, ex: bone arms, thighs, calves 
2. Flat, ex: ribs, chest, shoulder, skull 
3. Short, ex: vertebrae. back, ankles and hands 
4. Not bearaturan, ex: jawbone

Pay attention to the parts of the body bone below:

Consider the image of the skull below:

The joints between the bones is the link between movements.

Joints are divided into three, ie: 
1. Joints die / sinartrosis, can not be moved. Ex: the relationship between skull bones 
2. Stiff joints / amfiartrosis, movable limited. Ex: the relationship between the spine, the relationship between the ribs to the sternum. 
3. Joint motion / diartrosis, can be moved freely.

The joint motion is divided into four, ie: 
1. Hinges, ex between the upper arm to the forearm, knee 
2. Rotate, ex: between the bones of the head with the neck atlas 
3. Saddlery, ex: vertebra finger with the palm 
4. Bullets, ex: the relationship between the upper arm with shoulder girdle

Note the bone abnormalities below: 
1. scoliosis

2. Kyphosis

3. Lordosis

Muscles No 3, ie: 
1. Smooth muscle: nucleated 1, spindle-shaped, and to work outside of consciousness 
2. Striated muscle: multinucleated, striated unbranched cylindrical shape, and work conscious 
3. The heart muscle: multinucleated, striated fibers branching, and work out of consciousness.

There are 2 working muscles, ie: 
1. Antagonists / counterclockwise, ex biceps and triceps 
2. Synergistic / concurrent, ex: pronator teres and pronator quadratus

II. The ability of the tested 2: Describe the digestive system and enzymes that play a role in the digestive process.

Summary :

Human Digestive System

Note the picture digestive tools below:

At the mouth occur 2 times the digestion, ie: 
1. Digestion mekanaik: teeth when chewing food by 
2. Chemical digestion: digestive enzymes help ptialin dg / saliva / spit

Dikerongkongan motion occurs squeezing and pushing the food in the esophagus allows for entry kelambung known as peristalsis.

Digestive enzymes in the mouth consists of: 
1. Ptialin: → sugar carbohydrates 
digestive enzymes in the stomach consists of: 
1. Pepsin: protein peptone → 
2. Renin: crumple milk protein 
3. HCL: kill foreign organisms

4. Lipase: Fat → Fatty acids and glycerol

Digestive enzymes in the pancreas consists of: 
1. Trypsin: protein peptone → 
2. Amilopsin / Amylase: carbohydrate sugar → 
3. Lipase: fat → fatty acids and glycerol

Digestive enzymes in the small intestine include: 
1. Maltase: maltose → glucose 
2. Amylase: starch maltose → 
3. Sukrase: fructose sucrose → 
4. Lipase: fatty fatty acids and glycerol → 
5. Erepsin: peptone → amino acids 
6. Lactase: glucose and galactose, lactose → 
7. Enterokinase: activate trypsinogen → trypsin

III. The ability of the tested 3: Describe the circulatory system of humans and diseases related thereto.

Summary :

Human Transport System

Blood is divided into two, ie: 
1. Blood plasma (liquid): serum and fibrinogen 
2. Blood cells (solid): erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Blood plasma befungsi for: 
1. transporting or distributing of dissolved nutrients to all parts of the body (amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, vitamins) 
2. Transporting waste products from tissues or cells of the body. 
3. Serum antibodies as agents 
4. Fibrinogen plays dlm blood clotting

Erythrocyte function is to carry oxygen (hemoglobin)

Leukocyte function to kill germs.

The function of blood: 
1. Transporter (oxygen, food juices, metabolic waste, hrmon, urea, carbon dioxide) 
2. Kill germs 
3. The blood clot 
4. Maintain body temperature

Note the heart picture below:

Adl closed circulatory blood circulation is always circulating in the blood vessels

Large blood circulation: 
heart (left ventricle) → whole body → heart (right atrium)

Small circulation: 
Cardiac room right lung → → left atrium Heart

The function of the lymph is the small intestine to absorb fat dlm

Spleen serves to: 
1. Points formation of white blood cells 
2. Points kills germs 
3. Points demolition of red blood cells which have died (erythrocytes) 
4. Place reserves of blood cells

Tonsil function as the body's defense dr germs way into mulit & nose.

There are several diseases of the circulatory system, namely: 
1. AIDS -> immune system disease 
Causes: HIV virus 
2. Piles / Hemorrhoids -> dilated blood vessels around the anus 
causes: too much sitting 
3. Anemia -> shortage of red blood cells 
4. Angina -> blood in the heart of a little 
5. Asteriosklorosis -> arteriosclerosis 
6. Hemophilia -> blood can not clot 
7. Hypertension -> blood pressure above the normal 
8. Hypotension -> normal blood pressure is below 
9. Leukemia / blood cancer -> white blood cells divide in an uncontrolled 
10. Leukopenia / Leucocytosis -> white blood cells are very few 
11. Lymphadenitis -> inflammation of lymph glands 
12. Parikarditis -> inflammation of the lining of the heart pemabungkus 
13. Heart attack -> blood supply to the heart muscle is severely lacking. 
14. Thalassemia -> red blood cells are not normal 
15. Varicose veins -> veins dilate

IV. The ability of the tested 4: Describe the process of the excretory system (kidneys).

Material Summary: 
Renal function: 
1. Filtration à capsule Bowman 
2. Reabsorpbsi à absorption occurs at the moment of the journey leading to the Bowman's capsule collection channel

Under normal circumstances, urine contains 95% water and 5% other substances, namely: 
1. water, urea, ammonia (recast protein) 
2. Mineral salt (table salt) 
3. Yellow bile pigment à 
4. Substance copious blood pd: vitamins, drugs, hormones

Kidney consists of:

1. cortex (skin kidney) function to filter the blood

2. medulla (marrow kidney) serves as a gathering place for a smooth channel of hoop Bowman

3. pelvis (kidney cavity) serves to channel the secondary urine

A disease that often attacks the kidneys:

1. The failure of the kidneys (nephritis)

2. kidney stones

3. diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus

V. Ability tested 5: Explaining the nervous system in humans.

Summary :

Nervous system

The function of the nervous system: 
1. Tool identifier changes that occur outside the body or the body as a liaison between the outside world through the senses dg 
2. Thermostat / control response around thd circumstances 
3. Regulate and control the body organs organ shg TSB verifiable work according to its function

Functions of the parts of nerve cells: 
1. Dendrites: receive and deliver stimulation to the nerve cell body into 
two. Neurit / axons: deliver stimulation of the nerve cell body to other nerve cells 
3. Schwann cells: providing food for neurites and helping to regenerate neurites 
4. Nodes renvier & Neurofibril: penyamapian accelerate stimulus

The nervous system is divided by 2: 
1. The central nervous system 
2. The peripheral nervous system

The central nervous system is divided by 2: 
1. Brain 
2. Spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system is divided by 2: 
1. Somatic nervous system / unconscious 
2. Autonomic nervous system / unconscious

Somatic nervous system is divided by 2: 
1. 12 pairs of the brain's neurons (nerve kanial) 
2. Sumsumm 31 pairs of spinal nerves (spinal sraf)

Sist. autonomic nervous divided by 2: 
1. The sympathetic nervous system 
2. The sympathetic nervous system

Central nervous system include: 
1. Forebrain à dominant adl yg plg not great / cerebrum which serves as the center of motion control antecedent sadariex: think, speak, see 
2. Midbrain à (1) deliver stimulation between the forebrain and midbrain dg (2) the stimulation of the forebrain deliver eye dg 
3. The brain behind à part uatamanya: (1) small brain (cerebellum) à regulate the body's balance and as the center of coordination of the muscles while moving, (2) Marrow advanced (medulla oblongata) à central regulator of heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and body temperature . 
4. Marrow artisan back (spinal cord) à conductor of nerve impulses from and to the brain as well as the center of a reflex.

Differences regular motion with reflex: 
1. Motion Usual: Impus senses à à à brain sensory nerve motor nerve à à muscle (response 
2. Motion Reflex: Impus à à sensory nerve sensory nerve connections à à à muscle motor nerves (response

Ability tested 6: Describe the structure and function of tissues / organs in plants.

Summary :

Structure and Function Network / Organ on Plants

A. Grouping Plant Adaptation Method Based on Environment 
By way of adaptation to the environment the plant is divided into four, ie: 
1. Xerophyte, adjusting pd dry areas, usually small leaves, spiny and waxy, ex: cactus 
2. Higrofit, adjust the mountainous areas of damp / wet, usually leaves wide and thin, ex: taro 
3. Hidrofit, adjusting pd aquatic environment, ex: water hyacinth, Terate 
4. Tropofit, adjust dg dry and wet environments, ex kapok and teak 
B. By grouping plants oxygen demand 
Based on the purpose of the oxygen, the plant is divided into 2: 
1. Aerobic (requiring oxygen) respiration occurs à 
2. Anaerobic (not requiring oxygen) respiration à not happen shg For obtaining energy do mell fermentation / fermentation. As for who is meant by fermentation is the process of obtaining energy plant pd anaerobic those ways convert carbohydrates into sugar and then the sugar is converted into alcohol lg.

Jg fermentation technology harnessed to the production of food, tempe yi (Rhizopus sp), tape (Sacharomices sp), yogurt (Lactobacillus sp)

C. Organ In Plants

Organ in plants include:

1. Root 
Function roots, namely: 
a. absorb water and mineral salts from the soil 
b. to strengthen the enforcement of plant 
c. can store food reserves 
d. assist breathing

Outer root structure consists of: 
a. hair root -> expanding area absorption of minerals and water from the soil 
b. hood roots / kaliptra -> protect the root cells

The difference roots of monocots and dicots, namely 
a. monocots fibrous rooting system, while the system silvery dikkotil riding 
b. root root monocots not berkambium while dikotil berkambium 
c. 
2. Rod 
rod is divided into two, namely: 
a. Trunk monocots

The characteristics stems of monocots: 
1) Trunk generally unbranched 
2) Not berkambium

b. Trunk dikotil 
characteristics of stem dikotil: 
1) the rod is generally unbranched 
2) Not berkambium

Cambium -> cell division. Splitting out membentukl phloem, splitting into shaping the xylem. 
Xylem -> transports water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves 
phloem -> transporting organic substances result of photosynthesis from the leaves to all parts of a plant 
cortex -> a process of gas exchange and as a backup eat

3. leaves

Differences leaf monocots and dicots: 
a. pertulangan parallel leaf monocots, while the leaf pertulangan dikotil menjari / pinnate 
b. leaves monocots dicots leaves berpelepah while not berpelepah

The epidermis -> protect the existing sections underneath 
Palisade -> as a photosynthetic 
sponges -> CO2 reserve a place to be used for photosynthesis 
Stomata -> respirator

4. Flower / Flower

Flowers serves as a means of vegetative propagation.

Based on its parts, divided by interest menajdi 4, namely 
a. Full Flower -> flowers that have entire parts of the flower (stamen, pistil, crown, petals).Example hibiscus 
b. Flowers are not complete -> flowers that do not have an entire section flowers, jasmine example 
c. Perfect flowers -> flower has two genitals (stamens and pistils). Example hibiscus 
d. Flowers are not perfect -> flowers that only have one sex organ (the pistil or stamen course only). Examples of salak

5. Fruits and Seeds / Fruit and Seed

Serves as a seed plant embryo

Based on its formation, the fruit is divided menajadi 2, namely: 
a. Real fruit -> across the network formed by the ovaries. Example: papaya, durian, mango, tomatoes etc. 
b. Artificial fruit -> formed not only of the future but also of the parts of the flower to another.

For example: 
1) Pineapple -> formed from the ovaries and petals 
2) Apples -> fruit comes from flowers bulging 
3) Nangka -> berasl of petals thickened 
4) Jambu mede -> comes from the flower stalk enlarged

D. Respiratory In Plants

Breathing is a process for generating energy through biological oxidation with the following reaction: 
C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O

Pd respiratory organs of plants there are two, ie: 
1. À stomata in the leaves 
2. À lenticels in stems and roots

Special respiratory organs: 
1. Pd breath root punch (Sonneratia sp) and firewood (Avicennia sp) 
2. Scorpion orchid hanging roots pd (Arahnis flasaeris) 
3. Pd airways rice, kale, water hyacinth 
4. Airspaces pd water hyacinth

E. Transportation Water and Mineral Salts In Plants

Rising water to the leaves is affected by three factors, ie: 
1. Pressure root à influence osmosis (water in the more concentrated stem groundwater dr pd) 
2. Capillarity capillarity stem cell à pd rod 
3. Suction power à leaf transpiration effect

Transpiration F.

Transpiration in plants is affected: 
1. Temperature 
2. Relative humidity 
3. The atmosphere 
4. Light 
5. Groundwater supplies

G. Excretion In Plants 
Spending pd plant: 
1. Gas à gas expelled MLL stomata 
2. Air à water expelled MLL stomata and lenticels.

Guttation adl water discharge point pd tips of the leaves

Ability tested 7: Explaining the plant's response to environmental influences outside.

Material Summary: 
Motion In Plants

Based on the cause of motion in plants is divided into three, namely: 
1. Autonomic motion / endonom 
motion autonomic / endonom is a motion that has not been known exactly. Example: cabbage leaves which always closes. 
2. hygroscopic motion 
Motion hygroscopic motion is caused by the effect of changes in moisture content (humidity). For example, open the box and fern spores on the fruit skin outbreak in certain plants such as distance, rubber and petai china. 
3. esionom motion 
motion esionom is motion that occurs because rangasangan from the outside.

Esionom motion can be divided into three, namely: 
1. Tropism 
Triopisme is motion in plants dipenagruhi by the direction of the stimulus. 
There is some movement tropism, ie: 
a. Geotropisme 
Geotropisme, ie tropism is due to gravity.

Geotropisme No 2, namely 
- positive Georopisme -> when the direction geotropisme the direction of gravity. For example, the growth of the roots into the soil. 
- Negative Geotropisme -> geotropisme when the direction opposite to gravity. For example, the tip of the stem plants that grow upward. 
B. Phototropism 
phototropism is a tropism that are affected by light. For example, the movement of the leaves that tend toward the direction of the light. 
C. Hidrotropisme 
Hidrotropisme is influenced by the water tropism 
example roots movement that tends toward a barair 
d. Tigmotropisme 
Tigmotropisme tropism which is influenced by the touch / intersection. Examples of the plants growing spiral motion (yam) twisted trunks.

2. Nasti / Nasty

Nasti is motion in plants that are not affected by the direction of the stimulus. 
There is some movement Nasti, namely: 
a. Tigmomonasti 
Tigmomonasti is Nasti caused by touch. Examples shut leaf shy daughter (Mimosa pudica) touch 
b. Fotonasti 
Fotonasti is Nasti caused by light. 
For example: 
- opening and closing of flowers at four o'clock (Mirabilis Jalapa) 
- sunflower bloom of 
c. Nyctinasty 
nyctinasty is Nasti caused by the dark atmosphere 
Example: 
- closing butterfly flowers at night 
- petai china mengatupnya compound leaves at night 
d. Termonasti 
Termonasti is Nasti that occurs due to temperature stimuli. 
Contonhya the blooming of the tulips when the temperature is hot and will close on the temperature dropped. 
E. Complex Nasti 
Nasti Nasti complex is caused by multiple causes at once (CO2, light, temperature, chemicals, etc.). 
For example, open and menutpnya stomata occur because it is influenced by light, water and chemicals.

3. Taksis 
Taksis is moved a motion in plants 
There are two motion Taksis, namely 
a. Taksis Kemo 
Kemo Taksis is Taksis influenced by chemicals. 
For example, the motion spermatozoon to the egg

b. Photos Taksis 
Fototaxis is Taksis influenced by light. 
For example: 
- spores have feathers whip moving towards a brighter 
- chlorophyll which tends to move goto leaves exposed to light.

Ability tested 8: Describe the process of photosynthesis and percobaanpercobaan about the process

Summary Material: 
Photosynthesis

A. Stages of Photosynthesis 
Stages-resistant photosynthesis, namely: 
1. The reaction bright 
chlorophyll captures the light, then the energy captured chlorophyll is used to split water molecules. Solving the iar molecule called photolysis. While the photolysis reaction as follows: 
2H2O -> 2H2 + O2 
2. Dark reactions 
In this process occurs binding the carbon dioxide in the leaf. The carbon dioxide will be joined by hydrogen produced in the light reaction to form sugar.

B. Reactions Photosynthesis 
The process of photosynthesis is complete with the following reaction

Sunlight 
CO2 + H2O --------> C6H12O6 + O2 
chlorophyll

Factors affecting photosynthesis, namely CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, O2, chlorophyll, and light

C. Test Iodine

Iodine is one indicator of carbohydrate ingredients. If a substance containing carbohydrates then after a few drops of iodine color to blue keahitaman. Iodine is commonly used to test whether mengeatahui photosynthesis has occurred or not.

GRADUATES COMPETENCE STANDARD 9: applying the concept GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, SURVIVAL AND INHERITANCE IN THE ORGANISM AND NATURE WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Tested the ability of 1: Explaining the concept of the behavior of living beings in order to survive.

Summary :

Survival Organisms

Lifespan of living organisms is affected by: 
1. Adaptation 
2. Natural Selection 
3. ability to multiply

Adaptation No 3, ie: 
1. Morphology, ex: a bird's beak shape an assortment keeping with the type of food 
2. Physiology, ex: ordinary humans who live in the highlands of erythrocytes tend to have more than ordinary humans who live in the lowlands 
3. Behavior, ex: the snake's mouth stuck to recognize their prey.

Factors affecting natural selection: 
1. Ambient temperature 
2. food

The ability of the tested 2: Interpret the results of a cross under the laws of Mendel.

Summary Material: 
Genetics:

Monohibrid are crosses with different properties sau 
dihybrid crosses with two different properties 
properties properties phenotype is visible. Examples of curly hair, red hibiscus 
nature of the genotype is the nature depicted in the form of symbols. Example: MM, Mm, BB, and so forth.

Example question: 
1. At the intersection of hibiscus, red hibiscus flower is crossed (MM) and white hibiscus flower (mm) so that the resulting puppies red (Mm). If the F1 progeny were crossed with one another, then 
a. How phenotype ratio in F2? 
B. How is the comparison of genotype at F2? 
C. What are the possible percentage of chicks produced red on F2? 
Answers: 
a. Comparison of phenotypes in F2 is: 
Red: white = 3: 1 
b. Comparison of phenotypes in F2 is: 
MM: Mm: mm = 1: 2: 1 
c. Percentage of tillers produced red at F2, is 75%

2. On cross flower heron, purple heron crossed flowers (UU) and white hibiscus flower (uu) so that the resulting chicks mauve (Uu). If the F1 progeny were crossed with one another, then 
a. How phenotype ratio in F2? 
B. How is the comparison of genotype at F2? 
C. What are the possible percentage of white chicks produced in the F2? 
Answers: 
a. Comparison of phenotypes in F2 are: 
Purple: Mauve: white = 1: 2: 1 
b. Comparison of phenotypes in F2 is: 
UU: Uu: uu = 1: 2: 1 
c. Percentage resulting white chicks in F2, is 25% 
3. At the intersection of peas, pea seeding crossed yellow round crossed with green wrinkled pea seeding. If the yellow round is the dominant color of the other colors and F1 progeny were crossed anatar neighbor then: 
a. How phenotype ratio in F2? 
B. What are the possible percentage of chicks produced yellow round at F2? 
Answers: 
a. Comparison of phenotypes in F2 is: 
Bualat yellow: green round: wrinkled yellow: wrinkled green = 9: 3: 3: 1 
b. Percentage of chicks produced colored yellow round at F2, is 56.25%

The ability of the tested 3: Describe the exact reproduction technology to improve the quality and quantity of the organism is accompanied by an example.

Summary :

Reproductive technology

Reproductive technologies include: 
1. Interbreeding / hybrid 
interbreeding is the application of technology in the field of reproductive simplest, because we leave marry superior sires like we wanted. Examples of the results of the application of technology to the method of crossbreeding that we often encounter is hybrid corn, beef, etc. 
2. Tissue culture 
Tissue culture is keguiatan jarigan cultivate a plant or animal into a plant vegetative aztau animals that have the same properties as its parent in a short time. 
Mangfaat tissue culture: 
a. get the seeds in large quantities in a short time with the same properties as its parent 
b. create plants with traits that we want 
c. saving in terms of time, space and energy 
Examples of the application of technology to the method of crossbreeding that we often encounter are orchids, etc. 
3. Artificial insemination / Mating injecting 
artificial insemination do dnegan injecting semen of male animals in female animals, 
artificial insemination generally performed on animals, such as cows, goats etc. 
4. In vitro fertilization / IVF 
Fertilization occurs in the tube. IVF technology is already done in some hospitals in Indonesia.

5. Cloning 
Cloning is a reproductive technology to produce a new individual asexually so that new people have the same properties as its parent. 
Cloning is first carried out on sheep, the sheep named Dolly.

The ability of the tested 4: Describes the use of biotechnology for human life.

Summary Material: 
Biotechnology

Biotechnology is the use of scientific principles in using the organisms to produce products and services to meet human keabutuhan.

Biotechnology there are two, namely: 
1. Conventional 
Biotechnology koenvensioanal typically using microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) 
2. Modern 
Modern biotechnology include: genetic engineering, hydroponics aeroponics, and reproductive technologies.

There are several microorganisms that have been used to produce a specific product, namely: 
1. Aspergillus oryzae -> ketchup 
2. Aspergillus Wenti -> taucho 
3. Rhyzopus sp -> tempe 
4. Neurospora sp -> oncom 
5. Saccharomyces sp -> tape, beer 
6. Streptococcus lactis -> cheese 
7. Lactobacillus sp -> yogurt 
8. Acetobaster -> vinegar 
9. Pseudomorus sp -> Vitamin B12 
10. Penicillium sp -> penicillin

The application of biotechnology in agriculture: 
1. Hydroponics 
Growing media used precarious, passir, gravel dllyang watered with a solution containing nutrients that plants need. 
2. Aeroponic 
plant menngantung left and the humidity is maintained.

The application of biotechnology by means of gene recombination (genetic engineering has been done, such as the following, namely: 
1. Making insulin 
gene spliced ​​with Eschercia insulin-producing bacteria tersbut coli that can produce insulin 
2. insect venom 
injection of Pseudomanas flouroscens to plant roots of corn plants capable seahingga produce toxins that kill insects.

The positive impact of biotechnology peneapan: 
1. reducing food shortages 
2. help mengastasi issue kesehata 
3. providing a variety of organic compounds, such as alcohol, etc. 
4. provides energy (biogas) 
5. improve the environment 
6. overcome difficulties to obtain offspring (IVF)

The negative impact of biotechnology applications: 
1. Not all people accept biotechnology 
2. There are fears the skills to engineer the genes used for evil

GRADUATES COMPETENCE STANDARDS 10: EXPLAINING THE NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL CHEMICALS CONTAINED IN FOOD INGREDIENTS AND EFFECTS ON HEALTH

Tested the ability of 1: Determine the chemicals in food that are added to food.

Summary Material: 
Chemicals In Foodstuffs

A. Food Additive Gains 
1. Make food more durable 
bacteria that spoil food ingredients: 
a. Staphylococcal → grow rapidly in milk, meat and eggs 
b. Salmonella causes diarrhea → 
2. Better appearance

B. Materials Dyes 
1. Natural dyes 
Example: 
a. Beta carotene in carrots orange → 
b. → chlorophyll colored hajau on suji 
c. → yellow curcumin in turmeric 
d. → caramel brown (heating sugar)

e. → Rhodomin in red chili

2. Dyes synthesis 
Example: 
Eritrosin, blue diamonds, FCF, tartrasin, kamoisin, ponceau 4R

3. sweeteners: 
a. Natural sweeteners 
Example: sugar and honey 
b. Artificial sweeteners 
Example: Saccharin, Aspartame, Cyclamate Sodium & Calcium Cyclamate → cause cancer

4. Preservatives: 
a. Techniques Food Preservation 
Example: 
1) Packaging in vinegar → pickled cucumber 
2) Dehydration → powdered milk, fruit reclaimed 
3) Sugar and salting → ​​eggs, bacon, sale 
4) Curing → ​​meat, fish 
5) Chemicals → soft drinks and sausages 
b. Chemical Preservatives Food 
Examples: 
1) salt nitrate and nitrite → canned meat, sausages 
2) Salt benzoate → syrup, margarine, soy sauce 
3) Compounds sulfite → Flour, sausage 
4) Gas Ethylene Oxide and Propylene Oxide 
5) spices and flour (material dry)

5. Materials Seasonings 
a. Natural flavoring ingredients 
Example: garlic, broth, shrimp ebi 
b. Artificial flavoring ingredients 
Example: 
MSG or MSG (Monosodium Glutamate) → fermented molasses dg help Micrococus glutamicus

The ability of the tested 2: Describe the influence of addictive substances / substances in our bodies.

Summary Material: 
Additives and Psychotropic

A. Additive 
Additives are substances that if we enter into the body, can lead to certain effects and can lead to addiction. 
1. Cigarette 
chemical compounds contained dlm berabahaya cigarettes: 
a. Nicotine causes addiction, destruction of brain tissue, blood leabih easy to freeze, and hardening of the arterial wall 
b. Tar, membenuh cells in the respiratory tract, and menaingkatkan production of mucus in the lungs. 
C. Carbon monoxide, oxygen meangikat so dangerous because the body lacks oxygen 
d. Carcinogens, cause cancer

The characteristics of smokers: 
a. Yellow teeth from nicotine 
b. Dirty fingernails because nicotine 
c. Eye pain 
d. Frequent coughing 
e. Mouth and breath odor of cigarettes

Liquor 2. 
a. The negative impact in the short term: 
Causes penuruanan brain function, loss of body coordination system, impaired vision and speech. 
B. The negative impact in the long term: 
Damaging the liver, blood cells, memory loss, and depression

Physical characteristics victims of alcoholism: 
a. Bad breath alcohol 
b. Red face 
c. Loss of speech 
d. Stagger 
e. Eyeball moves continue

3. Psychotropic substances 
Psychotropic substances are certain substances that have an effect on the brain so that the brain activity menaurunkan or stimulate the central nervous system.

Psychotropic functions: 
a. Disrupt normal human mental functions (Hallucinogen), examples of marijuana, LSD 
b. Curing human abnormal mental function is as depressants (barbiturates), for example klorpromazina, reserpina, oksanamida, pipradol, pentobaribital. As for the group that includes opium, namely morphine, pethidin, fentanyl.

Physical characteristics of victims of drug addiction (abuse of psychotropic) 
: 
a. The pulse rate increases 
b. Irregular blood pressure 
c. Cardiac abnormalities 
d. A lot of sweat and lack of fluids 
e. Hot body 
f. Seizures 
g. Lack of appetite 
h. nausea